[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Figured bass support ] | [ 上へ : Ancient notation ] | [ Mensural contexts > ] |
2.9.3 Typesetting mensural music
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Typesetting mensural music ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural clefs > ] |
Mensural contexts
The predefined
MensuralVoice
and MensuralStaff
contexts can be used to engrave a piece in mensural style. These
contexts initialize all relevant context properties and grob
properties to proper values, so you can immediately go ahead
entering the chant, as the following excerpt demonstrates:
\score { << \new MensuralVoice = "discantus" \transpose c c' { \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t { c'1\melisma bes a g\melismaEnd f\breve \[ f1\melisma a c'\breve d'\melismaEnd \] c'\longa c'\breve\melisma a1 g1\melismaEnd fis\longa^\signumcongruentiae } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "discantus" { San -- ctus, San -- ctus, San -- ctus } >> }
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural contexts ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural time signatures > ] |
Mensural clefs
The following table shows all mensural clefs that are supported via
the
\clef
command. Some of the clefs use the same glyph,
but differ only with respect to the line they are printed on. In
such cases, a trailing number in the name is used to enumerate
these clefs, numbered from the lowest to the highest line. Still,
you can manually force a clef glyph to be typeset on an arbitrary
line, as described in 音部記号. The note printed to the right
side of each clef in the example column denotes the c'
with
respect to that clef.
Petrucci used C clefs with differently balanced left-side vertical
beams, depending on which staff line it is printed.
|
|
|
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
,
clef
.
Notation Reference:
音部記号.
既知の問題と警告
The mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural clefs ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural note heads > ] |
Mensural time signatures
There is limited support for mensuration signs (which are similar to,
but not exactly the same as time signatures). The glyphs are hard-wired
to particular time fractions. In other words, to get a particular mensuration sign with the
\time n/m
command, n
and
m
have to be chosen according to the following table
Use the
style
property of grob TimeSignature
to select ancient time signatures. Supported styles are
neomensural
and mensural
. The above table uses the
neomensural
style. The following examples show the
differences in style:
拍子, gives a general introduction to
the use of time signatures.
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
.
Notation Reference:
拍子.
既知の問題と警告
Ratios of note durations cannot change with the time signature,
as those are not constant. For
example, the ratio of 1 breve = 3 semibreves
(tempus perfectum) can be made by hand, by setting
breveTP = #(ly:make-duration -1 0 3 2) … { c\breveTP f1 }
This sets
breveTP
to 3/2 times 2 = 3 times a whole note.
The
mensural68alt
and neomensural68alt
symbols
(alternate symbols for 6/8) are not addressable with \time
.
Use \markup {\musicglyph #"timesig.mensural68alt" }
instead.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural time signatures ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural flags > ] |
Mensural note heads
For ancient notation, a note head style other than the
default
style may be chosen. This is accomplished by setting
the style
property of the NoteHead
object to
baroque
, neomensural
, mensural
,
petrucci
, blackpetrucci
or semipetrucci
.
The
baroque
style differs from the default
style by:
Providing a
maxima
note head, andUsing a square shape for
\breve
note heads.
The
neomensural
, mensural
, and petrucci
styles
differ from the baroque
style by:
Using rhomboidal heads for semibreves and all smaller durations, and
Centering the stems on the note heads.
The
blackpetrucci
style produces note heads usable in black
mensural notation or coloratio sections in white mensural notation.
Because note head style does not influence flag count, in
this style a semiminima should be notated as a8*2
, not
a4
, otherwise it will look like a minima.
The multiplyer can be different if coloratio is used e.g. to notate
triplets.
Use
semipetrucci
style to draw half-colored
note heads (breves, longas and maximas).
The following example demonstrates the
petrucci
style:
\set Score.skipBars = ##t \autoBeamOff \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci a'\maxima a'\longa a'\breve a'1 a'2 a'4 a'8 a'16 a' \override NoteHead #'style = #'semipetrucci a'\breve*5/6 \override NoteHead #'style = #'blackpetrucci a'8*4/3 a' \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci a'\longa
Note head styles, gives an overview of all available note head
styles.
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
,
note head
.
Notation Reference:
Note head styles.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural note heads ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural rests > ] |
Mensural flags
Use the
flag-style
property of grob Stem
to
select ancient flags. Besides the default
flag style,
only the mensural
style is supported.
\override Flag #'style = #'mensural \override Stem #'thickness = #1.0 \override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural \autoBeamOff c'8 d'8 e'8 f'8 c'16 d'16 e'16 f'16 c'32 d'32 e'32 f'32 s8 c''8 d''8 e''8 f''8 c''16 d''16 e''16 f''16 c''32 d''32 e''32 f''32
Note that the innermost flare of each mensural flag always is
vertically aligned with a staff line.
There is no particular flag style for neo-mensural or Petrucci notation.
There are no flags in Gregorian chant notation.
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
,
flag
.
既知の問題と警告
The attachment of ancient flags to stems is slightly off.
Vertically aligning each flag with a staff line assumes that stems
always end either exactly on or exactly in the middle between two
staff lines. This may not always be true when using advanced layout
features of classical notation (which however are typically out of
scope for mensural notation).
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural flags ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Mensural accidentals and key signatures > ] |
Mensural rests
Use the
style
property of grob Rest
to select
ancient rests. Supported styles are classical
,
neomensural
, and mensural
. classical
differs
from the default
style only in that the quarter rest looks
like a horizontally mirrored 8th rest. The mensural
and
the neomensural
styles mimic the appearance of rests in
manuscripts and prints up to the 16th century.
The following example demonstrates the
mensural
and
neomensural
styles:
\set Score.skipBars = ##t \override Rest #'style = #'classical r\longa^"classical" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s \break \override Rest #'style = #'mensural r\longa^"mensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s \break \override Rest #'style = #'neomensural r\longa^"neomensural" r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16
There are no 32th and 64th rests specifically for the mensural or
neo-mensural style. Instead, the rests from the default style will be
taken.
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
.
Notation Reference:
休符.
Snippets:
Ancient notation
.
既知の問題と警告
The glyph for the maxima rest in mensural style is actually a perfect
longa rest; use two (or three) longa rests to print a maxima rest.
Longa rests are not grouped automatically, so have to be done manually by
using pitched rests.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural rests ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Annotational accidentals (musica ficta) > ] |
Mensural accidentals and key signatures
The
mensural
style provides a sharp and a flat sign
different from the default style. If called for, the natural sign
will be taken from the vaticana
style.
The style for accidentals and key signatures is controlled by the
glyph-name-alist
property of the grobs Accidental
and
KeySignature
, respectively; e.g.:
\override Staff.Accidental #'glyph-name-alist =
#alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist
参照
Music Glossary:
mensural notation
,
Pitch names
,
accidental
,
key signature
.
Notation Reference:
ピッチ,
臨時記号,
自動臨時記号,
調号.
Internals Reference:
KeySignature
.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Mensural accidentals and key signatures ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ White mensural ligatures > ] |
Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)
In European music from before about 1600, singers were expected to
chromatically alter notes at their own initiative according to
certain rules. This is called musica ficta. In modern
transcriptions, these accidentals are usually printed over the
note.
Support for such suggested accidentals is included, and can be
switched on by setting
suggestAccidentals
to true.
fis gis \set suggestAccidentals = ##t ais bis
This will treat every subsequent accidental as
musica ficta until it is unset with
\set suggestAccidentals = ##f
. A more practical way is to
use \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t
, which can even be
defined as a convenient shorthand:
ficta = { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t } \score { \relative c'' \new MensuralVoice { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t bes4 a2 g2 \ficta fis8 \ficta e! fis2 g1 } }
参照
Internals Reference:
Accidental_engraver
,
AccidentalSuggestion
.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Annotational accidentals (musica ficta) ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Typesetting Gregorian chant > ] |
White mensural ligatures
There is limited support for white mensural ligatures.
To engrave white mensural ligatures, in the layout block, replace
the
Ligature_bracket_engraver
with the
Mensural_ligature_engraver
in the Voice
context:
\layout { \context { \Voice \remove Ligature_bracket_engraver \consists Mensural_ligature_engraver } }
There is no additional input language to describe the shape of a
white mensural ligature. The shape is rather determined solely from
the pitch and duration of the enclosed notes. While this approach may
take a new user a while to get accustomed to, it has the great advantage
that the full musical information of the ligature is known internally.
This is not only required for correct MIDI output, but also allows for
automatic transcription of the ligatures.
At certain places two consecutive notes can be represented either as
two squares or as an oblique parallelogram (flexa shape). In such
cases the default is the two squares, but a flexa can be required by
setting the
ligature-flexa
property of the second note
head. The length of a flexa can be set by the note head property
flexa-width
.
For example,
\score { \transpose c c' { \set Score.timing = ##f \set Score.defaultBarType = "empty" \override NoteHead #'style = #'petrucci \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'mensural \clef "petrucci-g" \[ c'\maxima g \] \[ d\longa \override NoteHead #'ligature-flexa = ##t \once \override NoteHead #'flexa-width = #3.2 c\breve f e d \] \[ c'\maxima d'\longa \] \[ e'1 a g\breve \] } \layout { \context { \Voice \remove Ligature_bracket_engraver \consists Mensural_ligature_engraver } } }
Without replacing
Ligature_bracket_engraver
with
Mensural_ligature_engraver
, the same music transcribes
to the following
参照
Music Glossary:
ligature
.
Notation Reference:
Gregorian square neume ligatures,
Ligatures.
既知の問題と警告
Horizontal spacing of ligatures is poor.
Accidentals may collide with previous notes.
[ << 専門的な記譜法 ] | [トップ][目次][インデックス][ ? ] | [ 入出力全般 >> ] | ||
[ < Annotational accidentals (musica ficta) ] | [ 上へ : Typesetting mensural music ] | [ Typesetting Gregorian chant > ] |
他の言語: English, deutsch, español, français, italiano
About automatic language selection.