[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Vocal music ] | [ Up : Vocal music ] | [ References for vocal music > ] |
2.1.1 Common notation for vocal music
This section discusses issues common to most types of vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Entering lyrics > ] |
References for vocal music
This section indicates where to find details of notation issues that may arise in any type of vocal music.
- Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An introduction to this notation is to be found in Setting simple songs.
-
Vocal music is likely to require the use of
markup
mode, either for lyrics or for other text elements (characters’ names, etc.) This syntax is described in Text markup introduction. - Ambitus may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, as explained in Ambitus.
- Dynamic markings by default are placed below the staff, but in choral music they are usually placed above the staff in order to avoid the lyrics, as explained in Score layouts for choral.
See also
Music Glossary: ambitus.
Learning Manual: Setting simple songs.
Notation Reference: Text markup introduction, Ambitus, Score layouts for choral.
Snippets: Vocal music.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < References for vocal music ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Aligning lyrics to a melody > ] |
Entering lyrics
Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword \lyricmode
, or by using \addlyrics
or
\lyricsto
. In this special input mode, the input d
is not parsed as the pitch D, but rather as a one-letter
syllable of text. In other words, syllables are entered like notes
but with pitches replaced by text.
For example:
\lyricmode { Three4 blind mice,2 three4 blind mice2 }
There are two main methods for specifying the horizontal placement
of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
explicitly, as in the example above, or by leaving the lyrics to be
aligned automatically to a melody or other voice of music, using
\addlyrics
or \lyricsto
. The former method is
described below in Manual syllable durations. The latter
method is described in Automatic syllable durations.
A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character (plus some other characters, see below) and is terminated by any white space or a digit. Later characters in the syllable can be any character that is not a digit or white space.
Because any character that is not a digit or white space is regarded
as part of the syllable, a word is valid even if it ends with
}
, which often leads to the following mistake:
\lyricmode { lah lah lah}
In this example, the }
is included in the final syllable, so the
opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
compile. Instead, braces should always be surrounded with white space:
\lyricmode { lah lah lah }
Similarly, in lyric mode, a period will be included in the
alphabetic sequence that it follows. As a consequence, spaces
must be inserted around the period in \override
commands.
Do not write
\override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
but instead use
\override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
Punctuation, lyrics with accented characters, characters from non-English languages, or special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes), may simply be inserted directly into the input file, providing it is saved with UTF-8 encoding. For more information, see Text encoding.
\relative c'' { d8 c16 a bes8 f e' d c4 } \addlyrics { „Schad’ um das schö -- ne grü -- ne Band, }
Normal quotes may be used in lyrics, but they have to be preceded with a backslash character and the whole syllable has to be enclosed between additional quotes. For example,
\relative c' { \time 3/4 e4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. } \addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone -- "ly,\"" said she }
The full definition of a word start in lyrics mode is somewhat more
complex. A word in lyrics mode is one that begins with an
alphabetic character, _
, ?
, !
, :
,
'
, the control characters ^A
through ^F
,
^Q
through ^W
, ^Y
, ^^
, any 8-bit
character with an ASCII code over 127, or a two-character
combination of a backslash followed by one of `
, '
,
"
, or ^
.
See also
Learning Manual: Songs.
Notation Reference: Automatic syllable durations, Fonts, Input modes, Manual syllable durations.
Internals Reference: LyricText.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Entering lyrics ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Automatic syllable durations > ] |
Aligning lyrics to a melody
Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
Lyrics
, see Contexts explained.
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { … }
Lyrics can be aligned with melodies in two main ways:
-
Lyrics can be aligned automatically, with the durations of the
syllables being taken from another voice of music or (in special
circumstances) an associated melody, using
\addlyrics
,\lyricsto
, or by setting theassociatedVoice
property. For more details, see Automatic syllable durations.<< \new Staff << \time 2/4 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { \voiceOne c4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 } \new Voice = "two" \relative c' { \voiceTwo s2 s4. f8 e4 d c2 } >> % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { Life is __ _ love, live __ life. } % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially % then switches to "two" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early sins and sor -- rows grow. } >>
The first stanza shows the normal way of entering lyrics.
The second stanza shows how the voice from which the lyric durations are taken can be changed. This is useful if the words to different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and all the durations are available in Voice contexts. For more details, see Stanzas.
-
Lyrics can be aligned independently of the duration of any notes
if the durations of the syllables are specified explicitly,
and entered with
\lyricmode
.<< \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { \time 2/4 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 } % uses previous explicit duration of 2; \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! } % explicit durations, set to a different rhythm \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Life4 is love,2. live4 life.2 } >>
The first stanza is not aligned with the notes because the durations were not specified, and the previous value of 2 is used for each word.
The second stanza shows how the words can be aligned quite independently from the notes. This is useful if the words to different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and the required durations are not available in a music context. For more details see Manual syllable durations. This technique is also useful when setting dialogue over music; for examples showing this, see Dialogue over music.
When entered in this way the words are left-aligned to the notes by default, but may be center-aligned to the notes of a melody by specifying an associated voice, if one exists. For details, see Manual syllable durations.
See also
Learning Manual: Aligning lyrics to a melody.
Internals Reference: Lyrics.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Aligning lyrics to a melody ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Manual syllable durations > ] |
Automatic syllable durations
Lyrics can be automatically aligned to the notes of a melody in three ways:
-
by specifying the named Voice context containing the melody with
\lyricsto
, -
by introducing the lyrics with
\addlyrics
and placing them immediately after the Voice context containing the melody, -
by setting the
associatedVoice
property, the alignment of the lyrics may be switched to a different named Voice context at any musical moment.
In all three methods hyphens can be drawn between the syllables of a word and extender lines can be drawn beyond the end of a word. For details, see Extenders and hyphens.
The Voice
context containing the melody to which the lyrics
are being aligned must not have “died”, or the lyrics after that
point will be lost. This can happen if there are periods when that
voice has nothing to do. For methods of keeping contexts alive, see
Keeping contexts alive.
Using \lyricsto
Lyrics can be aligned under a melody automatically by specifying
the named Voice context containing the melody with
\lyricsto
:
<< \new Voice = "melody" { a4 a a a } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { These are the words } >>
This aligns the lyrics to the notes of the named Voice
context, which must already exist. Therefore normally the
Voice
context is specified first, followed by the
Lyrics
context. The lyrics themselves follow the
\lyricsto
command. The \lyricsto
command
invokes lyric mode automatically, so the \lyricmode
keyword
may be omitted. By default, the lyrics are placed underneath the
notes. For other placements, see Placing lyrics vertically.
Using \addlyrics
The \addlyrics
command is just a convenient shortcut that
can sometimes be used instead of having to set up the lyrics
through a more complicated LilyPond structure.
{ MUSIC } \addlyrics { LYRICS }
is the same as
\new Voice = "blah" { MUSIC } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" { LYRICS }
Here is an example,
{ \time 3/4 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } }
More stanzas can be added by adding more
\addlyrics
sections:
{ \time 3/4 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } \addlyrics { play the game } \addlyrics { speel het spel } \addlyrics { joue le jeu } }
The command \addlyrics
cannot handle polyphonic settings.
For these cases one should use \lyricsto
.
Using associatedVoice
The melody to which the lyrics are being aligned can be changed by
setting the associatedVoice
property,
\set associatedVoice = #"lala"
The value of the property (here: "lala"
) should be the name
of a Voice
context. For technical reasons, the \set
command must be placed one syllable before the one to which the
change in voice is to apply.
Here is an example demonstrating its use:
<< \new Staff << \time 2/4 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { \voiceOne c4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 } \new Voice = "two" \relative c' { \voiceTwo s2 s4. f8 e8 d4. c2 } >> % takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially % then switches to "two" \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early sins and sor -- rows grow. } >>
See also
Notation Reference: Extenders and hyphens, Keeping contexts alive.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Automatic syllable durations ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Multiple syllables to one note > ] |
Manual syllable durations
In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place lyrics
completely independently of notes. In this case do not use
\lyricsto
or \addlyrics
and do not set
associatedVoice
. Syllables are entered like notes –
but with pitches replaced by text – and the duration of each
syllable is entered explicitly after the syllable.
By default, syllables will be left-aligned to the corresponding musical moment. Hyphenated lines may be drawn between syllables as usual, but extender lines cannot be drawn when there is no associated voice.
Here are two examples:
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 c2 e4 g2 f } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { play1 the4 game4 } >>
<< \new Staff { \relative c'' { c2 c2 d1 } } \new Lyrics { \lyricmode { I2 like4. my8 cat!1 } } \new Staff { \relative c' { c8 c c c c c c c c8 c c c c c c c } } >>
This technique is useful when writing dialogue over music, see Dialogue over music.
To center-align syllables on the notes at the corresponding musical
moments, set associatedVoice
to the name of the Voice context
containing those notes. When associatedVoice
is set, both
double hyphens and double underscores can be used to draw
hyphenated lines and extenders under melismata correctly.
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 c2 e4 g f g } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \set associatedVoice = #"melody" play2 the4 game2. __ } >>
See also
Notation Reference: Dialogue over music.
Internals Reference: Lyrics, Voice.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Manual syllable durations ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Multiple notes to one syllable > ] |
Multiple syllables to one note
In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note with
spaces between the syllables, you can surround the phrase with
quotes or use a _
character. Alternatively, you can use
code the tilde symbol (~
) to get a lyric tie. The lyric
tie is implemented with the Unicode character U+203F, so be
sure to have a font (like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
glyph.
{ \time 3/4 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 } \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go } \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to } \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to } }
See also
Internals Reference: LyricCombineMusic.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Multiple syllables to one note ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Skipping notes > ] |
Multiple notes to one syllable
Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one syllable; such vocalises are called melismata, or melismas. The syllable to a melisma is usually left-aligned with the first note of the melisma.
When a melisma occurs on a syllable other that the last one in a
word, that syllable is usually joined to the following one with a
hyphenated line. This is indicated by placing a double hyphen,
--
, immediately after the syllable.
Alternatively, when a melisma occurs on the last or only syllable in
a word an extender line is usually drawn from the end of the syllable
to the last note of the melisma. This is indicated by placing a
double underscore, __
, immediately after the word.
There are five ways in which melismata can be indicated:
-
Melismata are created automatically over notes which are tied
together:
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 f4 g2 ~ | g4 e2 ~ | e8 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e __ } >>
-
Melismata can be created automatically from the music by placing
slurs over the notes of each melisma. This is the usual way of
entering lyrics:
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 f4 g8 ( f e f ) e8 ( d e2 ) } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e __ } >>
-
Notes are considered a melisma if they are manually beamed,
providing automatic beaming is switched off. See
Setting automatic beam behavior.
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 \autoBeamOff f4 g8[ f e f] e2. } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e } >>
Clearly this is not suited to melismata over notes which are longer than eighth notes.
-
An unslurred group of notes will be treated as a melisma if they
are bracketed between
\melisma
and\melismaEnd
.<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 f4 g8 \melisma f e f \melismaEnd e2. } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- e } >>
Note that this method cannot be used to indicate two melismata if the first one is immediately followed by another.
-
A melisma can be defined entirely in the lyrics by entering a
single underscore character,
_
, for every extra note that has to be added to the melisma.<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 f4 g8 f e f e8 d e2 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- ri -- _ _ _ e __ _ _ } >>
It is possible to have ties, slurs and manual beams in the melody
without their indicating melismata. To do this, set
melismaBusyProperties
and indicate the melismata with single
underscores in the lyrics, one underscore for each extra note:
<< \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() c4 d ( e ) g8 [ f ] f4( e) d e ~ e } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { Ky -- _ _ _ _ ri -- _ _ e __ _ } >>
Other settings for melismaBusyProperties
can be used to
include or exclude ties, slurs, and beams from the automatic
detection of melismata; see melismaBusyProperties
in
Tunable context properties.
Predefined commands
\autoBeamOff
,
\autoBeamOn
,
\melisma
,
\melismaEnd
.
See also
Musical Glossary: melisma.
Learning Manual: Aligning lyrics to a melody.
Notation Reference: Aligning lyrics to a melody, Automatic syllable durations, Setting automatic beam behavior.
Internals Reference: Tunable context properties.
Known issues and warnings
Extender lines under melismata are not created automatically; they must be inserted manually with a double underscore.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Multiple notes to one syllable ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Extenders and hyphens > ] |
Skipping notes
Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by
inserting \skip
s into the lyrics. For every \skip
,
the text will be delayed by another note. The \skip
command
must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when
\skip
is used in lyrics which derive their durations from the
notes in an associated melody through \addlyrics
or
\lyricsto
.
\relative c' { c c g' } \addlyrics { twin -- \skip 4 kle }
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Skipping notes ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Techniques specific to lyrics > ] |
Extenders and hyphens
In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered as ‘ __ ’ (note the spaces before and after the two underscore characters).
Note: Melismata are indicated in the score with extender lines, which are entered as one double underscore; but short melismata can also be entered by skipping individual notes, which are entered as single underscore characters; these do not make an extender line to be typeset by default.
Centered hyphens are entered as ‘ -- ’ between syllables of a same word (note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted depending on the space between the syllables.
In tightly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
happens can be controlled with the minimum-distance
(minimum
distance between two syllables) and the minimum-length
(threshold below which hyphens are removed) properties of
LyricHyphen
.
See also
Internals Reference: LyricExtender, LyricHyphen.
[ << Specialist notation ] | [Top][Contents][Index][ ? ] | [ General input and output >> ] | ||
[ < Skipping notes ] | [ Up : Common notation for vocal music ] | [ Techniques specific to lyrics > ] |